# Citadel CEO Warns on Fiscal Discipline and AI

**Podcast:** The Journal.
**Published:** 2026-02-05

## Transcript

Ken Griffin is the CEO of one of the world's most successful hedge funds, Citadel.
Griffin is a billionaire and among the largest Republican donors.
But during this administration, he's been outspokenly critical of some of President Trump's policies, especially around the Fed, tax cuts, and tariffs.
This week Griffin sat down with Wall Street Journal Editor in Chief Emma Tucker in West Palm Beach, Florida.
They're at the Wall Street Journal's invest live event, and they discussed the weakening of the dollar, the growing national debt, and the role of government and corporate affairs.de Good morning, everyone, and a big thank you to Ken for joining us today.
Uh for a discussion about who knows where it's gonna take is Ken.
We'll see.
Um but it's almost impossible to know where to start.
There's so much going on in the markets, in the world, certainly in the news cycle.
So I thought I'd start with a very simple question.
Somebody's just handed you a suitcase of freshly minted dollars.
What are you gonna do with those dollars?
This sounds like a trick asset uh a know your customer ALM question.
Sounds like I need to call the FBI and go, I got a suitcase full of cash here.
Okay, after you've done that and they've said it's fine, you can keep them.
So we so we've got we've got clean money.
Clean money.
Great.
So first of all, thank you for being here in South Florida.
It's my pleasure.
The weather notwithstanding.
It's still about 40 degrees warmer than New York.
True.
So yes, 55's freezing, but it's not truly freezing.
So so if I was if I was handed a suitcase of money to you, this is like such a strange way to frame a question.
Look, it it what investors need to focus on is what is the purpose of their portfolio.
And so if you're in your early 20s, your investment objective is very different than if you're in your mid-70s.
And you need to always invest your money from the vantage point of what you need to achieve with your investment portfolio.
So if you're in your 20s, even though the equity markets is somewhat frothy right now, you're still going to be investing the preponderance of that money in equity markets around the world.
And if you're in your mid-70s, obviously you want to worry about inflation, you worry about downside risk, you worry about the fact that you don't have 20 or 30 years potentially as your investment horizon.
You're gonna have much more of that money invested in TIPS or in commercial real estate or in other assets that have greater protection from the uh potential damaging influence of inflation.
Good.
What he hasn't said is what he said to me behind backstage, which is he'd put it under his mattress.
Sorry.
She had way too much fun with that.
Right, okay, on to more serious matters.
Um, debt.
Now, uh you've never protect you you've always made it very clear that you think debt levels in this country have have gone have got too high.
The national debt is now running at uh exceeding 38 trillion, and off the back of that, there's some evidence of a sort of Cell America trade going on.
So, my question to you is, are do you think we're witnessing the early stages of a genuine challenge to dollar primary?
Look, the the US dollar has lost some of its luster over the last 12 months.
There's no there's no doubt about that.
And I do believe that the United States is is unquestionably still one of the great safe harbors in the world.
And at the same time, policies relating to tariffs, um of the rhetoric from the administration has has taken some of the shine off of the dollar.
And at the end of the day, I do believe that when it's all said and done, if you are the strongest nation in the world, you are going to be predisposed to having a strong currency.
And that strong currency, that reserve currency status reduces your cost to capital, brings down interest rates, all else being equal, increases the quality of living for those citizens of that nation, and allows us to engage in the global economy on a much stronger footing.
Yes, it makes exports a bit more challenging, but the fact that we can amass so much capital and deploy it across corporate America is stunning.
I mean, the juxtaposition between the strength of America's capital markets and virtually every other country in the world is breathtaking.
And we want to protect that, that ability for American firms to raise tens of billions or hundreds of billions of dollars, whether it's to build hyperscale data centers, whether it's to pursue pharmaceutical RD, leaves us in a in an envied position by the rest of the world.
So what do you think the administration needs to do to sort of make sure that that supremacy is maintained?
Like is it on the right fiscal track to do that?
So we we need to increase fiscal discipline in the United States.
We are we're late in an economic cycle we don't know if we're in the sixth inning or seventh inning or eighth inning, but very few cycles run as long as this cycle has run.
And we're still running a significant deficit.
At this point in the economic cycle we should be running close to close to a break even.
I mean if if you're not paying down your national debt at moments like this when will you pay it down?
And the fact that we're still running a very large annual deficit does tell you that that too much the economy is being supported by the sugar high of fiscal spending we need to dial that back.
We need to have more discipline in both both spending and thoughtfulness and how we generate revenues.
Like we need to put our fiscal house in order and I I do worry that that's lost attention and focus in Washington.
And I know the president has to be frustrated.
You know, his first term, his tax cuts were about reigniting growth in America, right?
And to get Americans to, in essence, be bolder again, right?
How do we increase investment?
How do we increase productivity?
And he's he's trying to play the same playbook again.
But what I think is being missed in this analysis is the is the incredible amount of spending during the pandemic.
Right?
That three-year error of profligate spending, just out of control spending.
We need to deal with the reality that we need to pay that debt down.
And America did this after World War II, and America should be doing that again here today.
And how how, I mean, politically though, it's a difficult needle to thread that one.
How would you, if you, if you were had the president say, what would you say to him?
What should he do to build bring that deficit down?
You need, and I know this sounds very almost fanciful, you need to get bipartisan agreement on the steps we're gonna take to put our fiscal house in order.
And here's the big issue.
Politicians deferring some of these decisions means that the impact of future decisions will be so much more painful for the American people.
Like that's what we're really doing is we're not deferring some fixed amount of pain.
We're gonna we're gonna cause far more pain 20 years down the road.
I mean, could you imagine today being in your 20s and you and you see Social Security come out of your paycheck each and every year?
Okay, will the government safety net be there for you when it's your turn to retire?
That's a legitimate question given the level of deficit spending we have today.
So another area of pain, certainly one that you've highlighted a lot, is that of tariffs, which uh for the last year has been this sort of flip-flopping story, one minute they're up, one minute they're down, one country is up, whatever.
Only yesterday we learned that tariffs on India are going to be cut to 18%.
How difficult is it to sort of come up with an investment strategy thesis when when this backdrop keeps changing all the time?
So, you know, I've I've seen my colleagues firsthand have to grapple with this problem over the last year.
I mean, all of us do in the money management business.
I know, how do you how do you create a portfolio when every single company that you invest in can have the terms of engagement changed by the stroke of a pen in Washington?
And and this goes to, you know, you know, you often hear business people say, just don't change the rules, all right?
And you and you sit there and go, like, are they that inflexible?
Are they are they that unwilling to change?
Like, can't they go with the flow?
But the problem is that when you're running a business and you're trying to, you're trying to grow that business, you're making decisions that have horizons often of three years, five years, 10 years, 20 years.
I mean, we're building a new office building in New York for Siddell.
That's a that's a 50 to 100 year horizon decision.
Okay.
If you tell me the rules of the road are gonna change every couple of years, you make that decision a far more difficult choice.
If you tell me the rules of the road are gonna change every couple months, I'm best off making no decision, right?
And that's that's where Washington needs to think about what is the pace of change it's trying to create in the economy, and and having certainty or having a higher degree of confidence what the rules of the road will be will actually help the president achieve his goal of, in my opinion, of creating more capital investment in the United States and strengthening America's manufacturing base.
But there is uh there has been sort of, and you know you were very clear that you didn't like the the regulation, regulatory burden of the previous administration, yeah, I've spoken on that, but now you've got a situation where you know the government is taking stakes in companies, uh, you've got sort of talk about a credit card interest, a cap on interest on credit cards, you've got all the interference uh with tariffs, you know, and the attempt to reshore manufacturing.
Do you do you think there's a role for that sort of interference given that America has to sort of take a stand against the the biggest crony capitalist of all China, or does that sort of behavior make you shudder?
Well, let's let's take a huge step back.
Government has a really important role to play in the economy.
It has an important role in the economy to ensure that consumers have fair and reasonable disclosure.
Like when you're a consumer that picks a credit card, you should be able to get through the fine print pretty quickly and understand the cost and interest rates you're gonna pay.
Government has a really important role in the economy in preventing externalities.
When the US government starts to engage in corporate America in a way that that tastes a favoritism, I know for most CEOs that I'm friends with, they find it incredibly distasteful.
Like we want to go run our businesses and win on the merits of providing a better customer to our products at a lower price.
Like that's how we win.
And when you start to say that you're gonna win or lose because you get a regulatory favor out of Washington, do you know what you say?
God, I mean, I'm close to this administration, but does that mean the next administration is gonna grant a favor to one of my competitors or take a favor away from me because I don't support them publicly?
Like most CEOs just don't want to find themselves in the business of having to, in some sense, suck up to one administration after another to succeed in running their business.
They want to focus on better products, better marketing, better distribution, more value created for their customers, some of which is shared with their shareholders.
So these are all great points, and you know, we live in a world in a country where people really look up to corporate leaders.
Why is it so difficult for uh the corporate world to sort of to voice publicly the sort of thing you're saying now?
So I think there's a there's a couple of challenges that corporate executives face on this front.
You know, what we saw over the last, you know, we go back over the last 10 years, companies that that found themselves the middle of the whole woke movement would find their products either embraced or ostracized by tens of millions of Americans overnight.
And that's created a level of fear and apprehension amongst the corporate CEO class to insert themselves in any publicly facing issues these days.
Like the power of social media to persuade millions or tens of millions of consumers to make a product choice is really terrifying to corporate executives.
And I think it's it's put them in a very just intrinsically like withdrawn position.
I wanted to ask you as well, specifically about there has been a trend of people in the administration using their positions to enrich themselves personally.
I don't know if you saw that the journal, we did a story a couple of days ago about a half a billion donation that was made from this um uh um an it was an Abu Dhabi Royal to the Trump um uh crypto vehicle days before the inauguration.
Does that sort of um behavior matter to you?
Does it bother you?
I mean, of course it bothers me.
Like, of course it does, right?
One of one of the things that you want to believe is that those who serve the public interest have the public interest at heart in everything they do.
And I think that that this administration has definitely made missteps in choosing decisions or courses that have been very, very enriching to the families of those in the administration, and that calls into question is the public interest being served.
And I think that there's just a necessity for us as a society to re embrace some of the critical concepts of ethics in public service.
You know, we saw the same problem with the Supreme Court several years ago.
Wherever you see the signs of conflicts of interest, you you give rise to concerns about are the interests of the public being put first and foremost by those in public service.
And are you optimistic that we're on a trajectory to get back to a world where this these sort of ethics take center stage?
No, you're not.
No, I'm not.
Well, that's very depressing.
I I think it's more important to be just objective about it because that will then create the dialogue that maybe will permit us to effectuate change.
But if we just say, oh, of course it'll get better, that actually sort of misses the big picture, which is I think it's I think, for example, I think the work that you did at the journal in exposing this story is the very work that we need to see done day in and day out to keep the American public informed about the behaviors of our politicians on both sides of the aisle.
Right?
And to help to create, you know, the press has always been a very important part of the checks and balances in American society.
It's a very important check on curtailing these types of conflicts of interests.
Great.
Well, I definitely second that.
Now, um, we haven't got much time, and there's so much I want to ask you.
So very quickly, uh, so that we get to everything, just quickly on AI.
Do you think there's obviously so much excitement around AI, you know, all this you know, it's this incredible innovative new technology, it's gonna change everything, it's gonna lead to these huge productivity gains, quite possibly already is.
But do you there is also a creeping sense that I've picked up suddenly at Davos that people are beginning to think, oh my god, have we really thought hard enough about the impact it's going to have on society?
Do you think AI is going to come more to the fore this year as a sort of potentially political issue?
That's a great question.
And I I don't think it's going to be uh I will I will dread these words in nine months.
I don't think this is gonna be a major election issue in this cycle.
And I I I you you've caught me thinking through a problem here, right?
One of the one of the challenges that exists is during the pandemic, the labor markets were very tight.
It was very hard to hire people.
And across corporate America, companies hoarded labor.
Like, you know, you know, I have a number of friends who who are in the tech space, they would tell you openly that their workforces were 20% bigger, they were 30% bigger than need be.
But they didn't want to let anybody go because no one knew what work from home was gonna mean in terms of productivity.
Clearly, most of the countries have gone back to work in the office, but in that transition, there was a lot of turnover of people.
You know, Citadel put in place a thou must come back to the office very early, and we lost a few percent of our workforce over that.
For us, it was worth it for the collaboration that goes with that.
But like these are the kinds of issues that corporate America was was navigating.
Okay, the employment market today is still reasonably robust, but it's not as tight as it was two years ago.
And companies are now saying, do you know what?
I can trim some of my workforce in areas that are not strategic.
I can I can tighten my belt a little bit here at this moment in time.
What a great headline.
I'm sorry, I'm letting you go because we've introduced AI in our business.
It's just much more kinder and gentler than saying, I've kind of employed you for the last three years, but I don't really need you, right?
So I think AI has gotten a lot of very negative headlines in terms of being the excuse that companies have used to trim their workforces down.
But objectively, I think very few businesses are actually seeing productivity gains that come anywhere close to the headline of job losses that we have seen.
I I just I haven't seen it.
Good.
Okay, I have got time for one more question.
Last night I went around asking people what question I was soliciting them saying, what question would you like me to ask Ken?
And it was remarkably consistent, what they said.
Can you, and I'm gonna ask you, can you do you know what that question is that they want me to ask you?
I mean, I always get asked, is the market going up or down over the next three months?
No, it's not that.
Wanna know?
Sure.
They want to know if you've ever considered throwing your hat into the ring for public office.
Run even for the presidency.
That's a bold question.
Indeed.
They asked me to ask you.
So, you know, I I studied economics and government at Harvard and have always had deep interest in public policy issues.
Um, I I'd like to believe that at a future point in my life I will be involved in public service.
I I'm very grateful for the opportunities that this nation has afforded me.
But over the next few years, I you know, I love my job, I love the colleagues I work with, and I'm I'm very fortunate to have a number of ties to friends and to acquaintances in Washington on both sides of the aisle.
And I think that I think that I've I've been able to have my voice heard on important issues, and I'd like to think that I've nudged the country in in in small ways and in good directions.
I mean, you know, the president and I worked on Operation Warp Speed together in the first administration.
The flights out of Wuhan, uh, Mike Pompeo and I made most of that happen together.
So, you know, I found that this administration and with for that matter, the Obama administration were administrations that you could you could make meaningful things happen that benefited the American people.
You know, in the in the Biden administration, we were able to take an idea that we funded in Chicago.
A small group of us funded, providing every child in Chicago in the pandemic with internet access.
I mean, it's it's like incomprehensible to believe that there are kids in America that did not have access to the internet.
And there were tens of thousands of such kids in Chicago.
That concept was rolled into one of the national infrastructure bills in the Biden administration.
So I'd like to believe that I can continue to pursue philanthropic efforts and efforts that do help to improve.
Let me re use different words.
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Thanks for listening.
See you tomorrow.
Sag mal, hast du bei der Steuer auch diesen Schulflashback?
Einfach irgendwas raten und dann hoffen, dass es stimmt?
Boah, nee, gar nicht.
Stimmt, krass.
Fühlt sich gar nicht wie Steuern an.
Steuern erledigt?
Safe.
Mit Viso Steuer.